RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION

RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION

Respiration: It is a biochemical process of oxidation of organic compounds in an orderly manner for the liberation of chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Lenticels: The tiny pores present in the stem of woody plants for the exchange of gas and transpiration are called lenticels.

Laryngopharynx: The part of the respiratory system from where both air and food passes are called laryngopharynx.

Tonsils: The pharynx has a set of lymphoid organs called tonsils.

Larynx: The part of the respiratory tract which contains vocal cords for producing sound is called the larynx. It is called the voice box.

Breathing: The inhalation and exhalation of gases are called breathing.

Inspiration: The act of inhaling the air is called inspiration.

Expiration: The act of exhaling the air is called expiration.

External respiration: The bulk flow of air in and out of the lungs is called external respiration.

Internal respiration: The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between cells and the blood is called internal respiration.

Cellular respiration: The breakdown of complex food into the simple form into the cell with the release of energy in the form of energy is called cellular respiration.

Tidal volume (T.V.): The volume of air inspired or expired during the effortless breathing or normal breathing is called tidal volume. It is 500 ml.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): The extra volume of air inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume is called inspiratory reserve volume. Its value is 2000 to 3000ml.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): The maximum volume of air that is expired during forced breathing after a normal expiration is called expiratory reserve volume. Its value is 1000 to 1100ml.

Dead space (DS): The volume of air that remains present in the respiratory tract (from nose to the terminal bronchioles), but not involved in the gaseous exchange is called dead space. It is 150 ml.

Residual volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs and the dead space even after maximum expiration is called residual volume. It is 1100 to 1200ml.

Total Lung capacity: The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold after a maximum force full inspiration (5200 to 5800ml).

Vital capacity (VC): The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after a maximum inspiration is called vital capacity. It is the sum total of TV, IRV and ERV and is 4100 to 4600ml.

Emphysema: The breakdown of a thin wall of an elastic fibre of alveoli causing shortness of breath is called emphysema.

Artificial respiration: The method of inducing breathing in a person when natural respiration is ceased is called artificial respiration.

Ventilator: The machine which helps in breathing is called a ventilator.

Intracellular transport: The movement of substances within a cell is called intracellular transport.

Extracellular transport: The transport of substances that occurs outside the cells is called extracellular transport.

Circulation: The flow of blood across the body through the blood vessels is called circulation.

Open circulation: The flow of blood into the open spaces of the body i.e. haemocoel is called open circulation.

Closed circulation: The flow of blood into the closed blood vessels are called the closed circulatory system.

Single circulation: The type of circulation in which blood flows only once through the heart is called single circulation.

Venous heart: The heart which carries only deoxygenated blood is called venous heart.

Double circulation: The type of circulation in which blood flows twice through the heart is called double circulation.

Pulmonary circulation: The flow of blood from the right auricle to the left auricle through the lung is called the pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation: The flow of blood from the left auricle to the right auricle through the body is called systemic circulation.

Plasma: The clear, straw coloured liquid portion of the blood is called plasma.

Erythropoiesis: The process of formation of RBCs is called erythropoiesis.

Polycythemia: Increase in the number of red blood cells in the body are called polycythemia.

Erythrocytopenia: Decrease in the number of red blood cells in the body is called erythrocytopenia.

Diapedesis: Squeezing out of WBCs from the blood vessels is called diapedesis.

Leucopenia: Decrease in the number of leucocytes /WBCs less than 4000 is called leucopenia.

Leucocytosis: Temporary increase in the number of WBCs is called as leucocytosis.

Leukaemia: Abnormal and Uncontrolled increase in the number of WBCs is called leukaemia. It is a type of blood cancer.

Granulocytes: Leucocytes having granules in their cytoplasm are called granulocytes.

Agranulocytes: Leucocytes without granules in their cytoplasm is called agranulocytes.

Lymphocytes: A type of white blood which plays a major role in the immune system is called a lymphocyte.

B-lymphocytes: The lymphocytes which mature into the bone marrow are called B-lymphocyte.

T-lymphocytes: The lymphocytes which mature into the thymus is called T-lymphocyte.

Phagocytosis: The ingestion of bacteria or other materials by the amoeboid movement is called phagocytosis.

Serotonin: The compound present in the blood platelets and serum, which constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter is called serotonin.

Histamine: A compound which is released by cells in response to injury, allergy and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries is called histamine.

Heparin: It is an anticoagulant which prevents the clotting of blood into the blood vessels.

Thrombocytes / Platelets: The piece of megakaryocyte in the bone marrow cells which help in the clotting of blood is called thrombocytes or platelets. 

Thrombocytopenia: Decrease in the number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia.

Mediastinum: Conical shape space between two lungs is called the mediastinum.

Pericardium: The membranous sac which encloses the heart is called the pericardium.

Atria/Auricle: Two superior blood receiving chambers of the heart are called atria/auricle.

Ventricle: Two inferior blood distributing chambers of the heart is called a ventricle. 

 

Systole: Contraction of heart muscles is called systole.

Diastole: relaxation of heart muscles is called diastole.

Heartbeat: A single systole followed by diastole is called one heartbeat.

Heart rate: The number of heartbeats per minute is called heart rate. It is from 70 to 72 times per minute.

Stroke volume: The amount of blood pump by the heart in one heartbeat is called stroke volume. During each heartbeat, ventricles pump about 70 ml of blood.

Cardiac output: The amount of blood pump by the heart in one minute is called the cardiac output. The heart pumps about 72 (heart rate) x 70 ml (stroke volume) = 5040 ml i.e. 5 liters of blood per minute.

Arteries: The blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart except the pulmonary artery is called arteries.

Veins: The blood vessels carrying de-oxygenated blood towards the heart except pulmonary vein is called veins.

Capillary: The thinnest blood vessel which helps in the diffusion various materials is called a capillary.

Pulse: The series of pressure waves that travel through the arteries due to ventricular systole is called a pulse.

Tachycardia: Pulse rate higher than the normal value (above 100 beats/min) is called tachycardia.

Bradycardia: Pulse rate lower than the normal value (below 60 beats/min) is called bradycardia.

Blood pressure: The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of the blood vessels are called blood pressure.

Arterial Blood Pressure: The Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of the artery is arterial blood pressure.

Pulse pressure: The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called pulse pressure. Normally, it is 40 mmHg.

Arteriosclerosis: The thickening, hardening, and loss of the elasticity of the walls of arteries is called arteriosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis: The deposition of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow is called atherosclerosis.

Sphygmomanometer: The instrument used to measure the blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer.

Korotkoff sound: Sound heard during measurement of blood pressure is called as Korotkoff sounds.

Hypertension: Persistently raised blood pressure higher than the normal value 120/80 mmHg is called hypertension.

Angina Pectoris: The severe chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease is called angina pectoris.

Angiography: An imaging test that uses X-rays to view narrow, blocked, enlarged, or malformed blood vessels or lymph vessels is called angiography.

Heart transplant: Replacement of severely damaged heart by normal heart from brain-dead or recently dead person is called heart transplant.

Electrocardiogram: The graphical record of electrical variations detected at the surface of the body during their propagation through the wall of the heart is an electrocardiogram (ECG).

Lymph: The colourless fluid containing lymphocytes, bacterial cells etc. that flows through the lymphatic system is called lymph.