KINGDOM ANIMALIA

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Animals : The multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms capable of locomotion are called animals.

Symmetry: The balanced arrangement of body parts around the central axis of the body is called symmetry.

Asymmetrical:  If the body of an organism can not be divided into two equal halve from any plane then it is called asymmetrical.

Bilateral symmetry :  If a body of an organism can be divided into two equal halve from one median plane then it is called bilateral symmetrical.

Radial symmetry :  If a body of an organism can be divided into two equal halve from more than one plane then it is called radial symmetrical.

Coelom : True body cavity formed by the splitting of mesoderm is called coelom.

Acoelomate :  Animals without true body cavity or coelom is called acoelomate.

Pseudocoelomate : Animals having body cavity which is not derived from the                          mesoderm is called pseudocoelomate.

Coelomate :  Animals with true body cavity or coelom is called coelomate.

Cell aggregate plan: In this body plan, cells aggregate but they do not form tissues or organs, there is minimal differentiation and division of labour among cells.

Blind sac body plan: In this body plan, the body is like a sac with a single opening which acts as both mouth and anus.

The tube within tube body plan: In this body plan, the digestive system is present in a tube-like body cavity, here mouth and anus are present at two separate ends.

Diploblastic animals: Animals with two germ layers i.e. outer ectoderm and inner endoderm separated by a non-living layer mesoglea are called diploblastic animals.

Triploblastic animals: Animals with three germ layers i.e. outer ectoderm, middle Mesoderm and inner endoderm are called triploblastic animals.

Porifera : Group of animal bearing pores on their body surface is called Porifera.

Sedentary : Animals inhabiting the same place throughout life is called sedentary. These are also called nomadic.

Ostia : Small pores through which water enters into the spongocoel is called Ostia.

Spongocoel : The body cavity of sponges is called spongocoel.

Osculum : Single large opening through which water leaves the spongocoel is called osculum.

Choanocytes : Special cells having a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli In poriferans are called choanocytes.

Cnidaria / Coelenterata: Group of animals bearing cnidoblast or stinging cells are called cnidarian. These are also called coelenterate since they are having a body cavity called a gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron.

coelenteron : The body cavity of cnidarians or coelenterates are called coelenteron since it is meant for both circulation as well as digestion so it is also called gastrovascular cavity.

Metagenesis: Members of  Porifera exhibit alternation of polypoid generation with medusoid generation in which polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae produce polyps sexually. This phenomenon is called metagenesis (e.g. Obelia).

Ctenophore : Small phylum of aquatic invertebrates that comprise the comb jellies are called Ctenophora.

Acnidarians: In Ctenophora, Cnidoblasts are absent hence these are called acnidarians.

Bioluminescence : The biochemical emission of light by living organisms is called bioluminescence.

Platyhelminthes : Group of animals having a dorso-ventrally flattened body is called Platyhelminthes.

Annelida : a large group of animals bearing ring-like segments on their body are called Annelida.

Metameric segmentation / Metamerism :  The repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of an animal is called metameric segmentation or metamerism.

Clitellum : Thickened glandular and a non-segmented section of the body wall near the head in earthworms and leeches, that secretes a sticky sac in which eggs are stored.

Nephridia: The organ of excretion and osmoregulation in annelids are called nephridia.

Arthropoda: Largest group of animals having jointed legs are called Arthropoda.

Solitary: Organisms living alone are called solitary.

Sanguivorous: Blood sucking parasites are called sanguivorous.

Ecdysis: In  Arthropoda, the process of periodic shedding of the exoskeleton is called ecdysis (moulting).

Sexual dimorphism: Two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sex organs are called sexual dimorphism.

Metamorphosis :  The process of changes in body from an immature form to an adult form in two or more different stages are called metamorphosis.

Parthenogenesis: The process of formation of an embryo without fertilization is called parthenogenesis.

Gregarious: Organisms living in a flock or loosely organized community are called gregarious.

Mollusca: Soft-bodied animals belong to the second-largest group of animals called Mollusca.

Torsion: Twisting of the body is called torsion.

Flexion: bending of the body is called flexion.

Mantle: The organ which secretes shell in molluscan are called mantle.

Radula: The rasping organ of mollusc used for scraping or cutting the acquired food is called radula.

Ctenidia: The feather-like gills of molluscan are called ctenidia.

Haemocyanin: Copper containing blue respiratory pigments of molluscan are called haemocyanin.

Organ of Bojanus: The excretory organ of molluscan are called organ of Bojanus (kidney).

Osphradia: The olfactory organ in certain molluscs use for testing the purity of water is called osphradia.

Echinodermata: A group of the animal bearing spines on their skin is called Echinodermata.

Madreporite: The perforated plate through which the entry of seawater occur into the vascular system of an echinoderm is called madreporite.

Water Vascular system: The peculiar character in Echinodermata is the presence of water vascular system which  is used in locomotion, food capturing, respiration, etc.

Hemichordate : Group of animals having only some characteristics of chordates are called hemichordate or half chordate.

Vermiform : Animals having a worm-like body is called vermiform.

Notochord: Notochord is a flexible rod-like structure of vacuolated cells. It is located along the dorsal side of chordate embryos. It gives support to the body and provides a surface for the attachment to muscles.

Protochordate: Urochordata and Cephalochordate are collectively called protochordate.

Urochordata : Notochord is present in the only tail region of larva called urochordate.

Cephalochordata : notochord present throughout the length of the body throughout life is called Cephalochordata.

Myotome: A group of the muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve is called myotome.

Agnathostomata: vertebrates without jaws belong to agnathostomata.

Gnathostomata: vertebrates with jaws belong to Gnathostomata.

Cyclostomata: Group of agnathostomata having circular mouth is called Cyclostomata.

Anadromous migration: Migration of adult fish living in marine water to the fresh water for spawning is called anadromous migration.

Catadromous migration: Migration of adult fish living in fresh water to the marine water for spawning is called catadromous migration.

Rheoreceptors: Receptors of fishes and aquatic amphibian for the detection of water current is called rheoreceptors.

Venous heart: The heart which always shows the presence of deoxygenated blood is called venous heart.

Tetrapoda : Group of animals bearing two pair of limbs belong to the group called Tetrapoda.

Pisces : All the fin bearing aquatic animals are included in a group called Pisces.

Chondrichthyes : All the cartilagenous fishes belong to a group called Chondrichthyes.

Osteichthyes: All the bony fishes belong to a group called Osteichthyes.

Clasper : Male copulatory organs present in the Chondrichthyes. These are used to hold the female during the copulation.

Amphibian: It includes all the animals which live on land as well as in water.

Cloaca: The common opening for the release of Excretory products, digestive wastes and gametes are called a cloaca.

Uropygial gland: The oil-producing gland which is present at the base of the tail of amphibians are called uropygial gland.

Double circulation : The flow of blood twice through the heart is called double circulation.

Marsupial Mammals: Some mammals have pouches for the development of immature young ones, these are called marsupials e.g Kangaroo.