KINGDOM PLANTAE

Kingdom Plantae

 

1. Phanerogams: Phanerogams are commonly called seed-producing plants. They produce special reproductive structures that are visible called flower.          

           e.g. Gymnosperm & Angiosperm

2. Cryptogams: Cryptogams are spore-producing plants and do not produce seeds and flowers. They reproduce sexually by gametes but sex organs are concealed. 

           e.g Algae, Bryophyte, and Pteridophyte.

3. Thallophyta: Members of this division possess thalloid plants body i.e not differentiated into the root, stem, and Leaves e.g Chlorella, Chlamydomonas,   Chara, Spirogyra Sargassum.

4. Epiphytes: The plant which grows on the surface of another plant.

5. Epizoic: The plant or animal growing or living non-parasitically on the exterior of a living animal is called epizoic.

6. Chlorophyceae: These are green coloured algae which can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous Chloroblast is of various shapes e.g Chlorella, volvox, spirogyra, chara.

7. Chloroplast: It is double-layered membrane-bound cell organelle present in a plant             cell that conducts photosynthesis.

8. Pyrenoids: It is the sub-cellular micro-compartments found in the chloroplast of                 many algae, and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts.

9. Phaeophyceae: These are brown coloured algae e.g Laminaria, sargassum, Ectocarpus, Fucus.

10. Frond: It is a long leaf which is often divided into parts along the edge of some plants or trees.

11. Hydrocolloid: The substance which forms a gel in presence of water is called hydrocolloid.

12. Rhodophyceae: These are red-coloured algae e.g Chondrus, Porphyra,, Gelidium, Gracillaria, Polysiphonia, Batrachospermum.

13. Bryophyta: Bryophytes are found in moist shady places. They need water for fertilization and completion of their life cycle. Hence they are called Amphibian plants.

14. Rhizoids: Bryophytes have a rootlike structure which absorbs water and minerals and also helps in the fixation of thallus on the substratum are called rhizoids.

15. Liverwort:  These are lower members of Bryophyta. These are a primitive group of Bryophytes. e.g.Riccia, Marchantia.

16. Hornwort: These members possess flattened thallus. The thallus produces a horny structure which is called sporophytes hence the name hornwort. e.g.Anthoceros.

17. Mosses: These are advanced members of Bryophyta which possess erect plant body. The gametophytic phase of the life cycle includes the leafy stage. e.g. Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum, etc.

18. Pteridophyte: First successful terrestrial plants with true roots, stem, and leaves.These plants have a primitive conducting system and they are the only Cryptogams with vascular tissues. e.g. Selginella, Nephrolepis, Azolla, Marsilea, Equisetum, Lycopodium, etc

19. Xylem: The water-conducting vessels of plants are called xylem.    

20. Phloem: The food conducting vessels of plants are called phloem.

                                       

21. Gymnosperm: These are primitive groups of flowering plants producing naked seeds. Seeds are not covered by fruit i.e ovary. e.g. Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo.

22. Shrub: A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground are called shrub

23. Mycorrhiza: The symbiotic association between green plants and fungi called mycorrhizae.

24. Angiospermae: It is the most advanced group of flowering plants. In these plants, the seeds are enclosed within the fruits.

25. Microspores/Pollens: These are formed in microsporangia of anthers.

26. Megaspores: Megaspores are formed in megasporangia or ovules which are borne on highly specialized megasporophyll called carpel.

27. Dicotyledonae: The angiosperms with two cotyledons in their embryos. They have a tap root systems and the stem is branched. e.g.   Helianthus annus (sunflower), Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis (china rose).

28. Monocotyledonae: The angiosperms with single cotyledon in their embryo. They have an adventitious root system. e.g Zea mays(Maize), Sorghum Vulgare (Jowar).

29. Alternation of generation: Lifecycle of plants include two phases or distinct generations namely a sporophyte (diploid:2n) and gametophyte (haploid:n) These sporophytic and gametophytic generations generally occur alternately in the life cycle of a  plant. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation.